The Ultimate Guide To Every Type of Coffee

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cup of coffee on saucer

Table Of Contents

About This Guide

I grew up in a world that consisted of one type of coffee and one way to brew coffee. For all I knew, the percolator was the only way coffee was made, and the junk at my local grocery store was the only way coffee could be found. Thankfully, the world has changed since then.

Yet, the seemingly infinite number of options for coffee now create the paralysis of what to choose from. What are all these things that other people seem to know about and call off at cafes as if they were born knowing about them?

While it is true that the types, varieties, and methods of brewing are many, what we are all after really comes down to variations on a few things. The beans we start with are fairly simple, roasting methods break down along some pretty intuitive lines, and all those Italian words designate a few variations of similar things.

So, I’ve put together the Ultimate Guide to Every Type of Coffee (mostly) – a general run-down of your primary beans, roasts, and drinks.

Coffee Bean Varieties

There are basically two varieties of coffee beans which make up the world’s coffee. Arabica beans and Robusta beans.

Arabica beans are the sweeter and milder of the two. They have a higher acidity and offer the sweet “winey” taste which many people prefer. Arabica beans are grown in Africa, but most of the Arabica beans available in the U.S. are grown in Latin America. Columbia is a major producer of Arabica beans.

Robusta coffee beans are grown strictly in the Eastern hemisphere, primarily in Africa and Indonesia. Robustas tend to have a stronger flavor. They are a harsher flavor than Arabica beans. However, Robusta beans are much easier to grow. They are more resistant to temperature fluctuations and pests. They can be grown in lower altitudes than Arabica beans and for these reasons Robusta beans are less expensive. Robusta beans make up most of the coffee found in supermarkets.

There are a few other specialty varieties in the world but these are so rare that one would have to travel to the countries of origin to even find them. All the coffee available to us comes from one of these varieties of coffee beans. Beyond this, it is a matter of how they are roasted.

Roasted Coffee Beans

Like the types of coffee brews and drinks we will cover, the various roasts can split hairs almost infinitely, but I will break them down in the most common types available.

Light Roasts

These have a light brown color and are preferred for mild coffees and mild flavor. These have no oils on the surface of the bean since they are not roasted long enough to bring out the oils. Light roasts come in what are termed Light city, Half city, and Cinnamon.

Medium Roasts

Slightly darker brown, still mild but a little stronger. These will not have oils on the surface. They come in City, American, and Breakfast. Medium roasts are generally the common roasts for traditional American coffee.

Medium Dark Roasts

Slightly bitter-sweet flavor, darker than medium roasts, they will have some oils on the surface. They come in Full city.

Dark Roasts

Shiny black beans with oils on the surface. These beans will be bitter and have a strong flavor. The roasts can range from black to nearly charred. The break-down of varieties is difficult because some of the names are used interchangeably. Espresso, French Roast, Italian Roast, and New Orleans Roast are some of the names associated with dark roast coffee.

Types of Grinds

These grinds can all be achieved a variety of ways, most efficiently so by use of a manual coffee grinder or an electric coffee grinder.

Course Grind

Best for French Press and Cold Brew. Any brewing method that allows for long contact time.

Medium-coarse

Chemex and Pour over methods.

Medium Grind

Drip pots and Automatic drip.

Medium-fine

Vaccum pots and siphon brewers (these are more rare and expensive).

Fine Grind

Espresso and Moka pots

Extra Fine

Turkish coffee and its variants.

A few things about flavored coffee

There is a long history of mixing other flavors, spices, and liqueurs with coffee to make more sophisticated and satisfying drinks. Chocolate, cinnamon, cloves, lemon and lime, etc. have gone hand and hand with coffee for centuries.

The flavorings which so often come with coffee and coffee drinks today are made from ethylene glycol, the primary ingredient in antifreeze. They taste good in the same way that all artificial flavorings taste good. I am not including these things in this list because they are simply not a part of the tradition of great coffee drinks and brews.

Typical Brewed Coffee Drinks

This list could spiral into and encyclopedia, so I will cover the major types one is likely to encounter. I throw in a few odd ones along the way just for fun.

Filtered or Drip Coffee

This is what most of us are used to, and what most of us grew up drinking. Simply put, the old fashioned automatic drip coffee maker. This is the standard in the United States. It tastes good, it is satisfying, and it is easy.

Within this class there are the pour over methods. These consist of a conical top and filter. Hot water is poured through the grounds and coffee is brewed in a carafe.

Percolators

Hot water is cycled through the coffee grounds until the brew reaches a desired strength. I came to love coffee from hearing and smelling my mother’s percolator. Still a fine way to brew coffee.

French Press

Simply a glass cylinder with ground coffee and hot water. Depress a plunger to separate the coffee from the grounds. Makes a strong and full-flavored brew.

Cowboy Coffee

Coffee brewed by boiling the water and the grounds together. Traditionally, the grounds are settled by adding egg shells which draw them down.

Turkish Coffee

Obviously from Turkey, but also traditional throughout the middle east, finely ground coffee is mixed with water to make a thick, rich, and foamy brew. This is sometimes flavored with cardamom or other spices.

Cold Brew

Coarse ground coffee is allowed to brew over a long period of time (around 12 hours) to produce a cold coffee which is rich and flavorful. Served over ice.

Iced Coffee

Regular hot brewed coffee that is chilled and served over ice.

Café au lait

Coffee with scalded milk, usually in a 1:1 ratio.

Espresso

A finely ground dark roast brewed with a special method of forced steam to produce a strong, bitter, and rich coffee. Can be made at home without a machine.

Caffe Americano

Espresso mixed with hot water. Similar in taste to espresso, but more on the order of a traditional American coffee. (It got its name when American soldiers during World War II found they did not like traditional espresso because it was too strong. They added hot water and a new tradition was born).

Doppio

A double shot of espresso.

Café Latte

Espresso with steamed milk. Usually about 1:3 to 1:5 ratio. Little foam.

Cappuccino

Espresso with steamed milk foam. This will be mostly foam as opposed to a latte.

Macchiato

Espresso with steamed milk foam, but a smaller amount of milk. Similar to a Cappuccino but stronger, the espresso is poured through the foam to mark the foam.

Cortado

Espresso with a little bit of steamed milk. Usually served in a small demitasse.

Moka

Coffee brewed in a moka pot in which forced steam is pushed through the coffee. Very similar to espresso.

More Specialized Drinks

The list above covers basically everything one will find in a café. There are a number of even more specialized drinks that are available at some coffee houses.

Ristretto

This is just a shot of espresso made with half the amount of water. Really strong and bitter, but satisfying.

Lungo

A shot of espresso with twice the amount of water. The reverse of a Ristretto.

Flat White

Similar to latte but made with textured milk (steamed with micro-bubbles rather than the froth).

Antoccino

1:1 espresso and steamed milk.

Guillermo

Two shots of espresso poured over slices of lime. This is sometimes served iced.

Café Frizzante

Similar to an Americano, espresso and sparkling water. Usually served over iced with a slice of lemon.

Then the odd ones that just sound good…

Ca phe sua da

This is a Vietnamese concoction. The name literally means iced milk coffee. It consists of black coffee mixed with sweetened condensed milk. It is served iced.

Viennese Egg Coffee

Robusta coffee, egg yolks, sugar, and condensed milk.

Eiskaffee

German in origin, simple iced coffee with vanilla ice cream.

Kopi Susu

Coffee brewed with sweetened condensed milk. It is brewed cowboy style and the grounds area allowed to settle.

Espresso con panna

Coffee with whipped cream

Black Tie

Espresso mixed with Thai iced coffee, and sweetened with condensed milk.

Boozy Drinks

You can put your favorite liquor into any coffee that sounds good, but there are a few which are traditional.

Irish Coffee

Coffee and Irish Whiskey. Usually served with whipped cream.

Bavarian Coffee

Coffee with schnapps, a little sugar, and cream.

Café Brulot

Coffee with Grand Marnier; garnished with cinnamon, cloves, and lemon.

Wrapping Up

The myth of the origin of coffee comes from Ethiopia. Kaldi, a goat herder, noticed his goats would become excited and unable to sleep after eating a certain berry. After consulting with some wise elders, they soon discovered how to roast the bean inside and brew a drink which kept them alert during evening prayers. From this coffee was born. And people have been mixing it with milk, sugar, spices, and many other things ever since.

The real test of a coffee beans and coffee drinks is the taste. If you like it, it is a good coffee drink. There are no hard and fast rules. Although, as we can see, there are a great many traditional brews, it was through experiment that all of them came to be known to us.

The language of coffee can be intimidating but it really does not need to be. As I hope you can see, most of the coffee drinks available to us now are variations on a few basic ideas. Hopefully this guide gets you on your way to experimenting with great coffee and coffee drinks.